February 11, 2011

Aztec headdress return may form a model for other artefact restitution disputes

Posted at 4:04 pm in Similar cases

Austria’s museum of ethnology in Vienna is in discussions about the return of an Aztec feather headdress to Mexico. There are suggestions that this could happen as some sort of artefact swap – possibly forming a template for how other similar cases could be resolved.

From:
Winnipeg Free Press

The Canadian Press – ONLINE EDITION
Mexico says possible deal to return Aztec headdress may be model for disputed artifacts
By: Mark Stevenson, The Associated Press
Posted: 01/18/2011 10:06 AM

MEXICO CITY – Talks between Mexico and Austria on the temporary return of an Aztec feather headdress could be a model for the return of other hotly-contested artifacts, and may provide a chance to resolve persistent questions about the five-century old piece, academics said Tuesday.

The exchange could give Mexico the headdress on loan from the museum of ethnology in Vienna where it is currently held, while Mexico could send back a gilded carriage once used by a member of Austria’s royal family who ruled Mexico in the 1860s.

“The day the headdress returns to our country will mark a milestone in re-encountering (Mexico’s) identity,” said Carlos Villanueva of the IberoAmerican University’s cultural office, “but in truth we really don’t know what its real use was.”

The semicircle of green feathers from the Quetzal bird and other species is more than one yard (meter) wide, rather large for headgear.

Montezuma, the last Aztec emperor, gave the feathered headdress as a gift to Spanish Conqueror Hernan Cortes in 1519. But Mexican officials concede Montezuma probably never personally wore it.

Who it may have been made for, and whether it was ever actually worn on the head of some leader and in what situations, are still open to debate.

Mexico’s Foreign Relations Undersecretary Lourdes Aranda said it’s clear that Montezuma never personally wore it.

But Mexico has tried for decades to win the return of the headdress, at one point appealing the case to the United Nations. But Austrian officials in the past “refused to discuss it,” Aranda said, noting that in recent years “there have been historical changes” in the situation.

Aranda said the temporary exchange was still under discussion and could involve lending Austria the ceremonial carriage used by Emperor Maximilian, a member of the Austrian royal family who was imposed as Mexico’s ruler by a French invasion. He ruled from 1863 until he was deposed and executed in 1867.

Aranda says talks are progressing, but will not give a date for the return of the treasured artifact that Emperor Montezuma reportedly gave to conqueror Hernan Cortes.

The exchange would recognize each country’s rights to the headdress as “common cultural legacy,” according to a statement by Mexico’s National Institute of Anthropology and History.

One key to recognizing Austria’s rights to the piece lies in the fact that when it was exported in the 1500s, Mexico as a nation did not yet exist, Aranda said.

“I believe this could be an example for other cases in the world,” Aranda said, without referring to any specific country.

Greece has long demanded that Britain return the Elgin marbles, a series of statues and fragments removed from Athens’ Parthenon in 1811 by Lord Elgin and later sold to the British Museum.

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  1. DR.KWAME OPOKU said,

    02.11.11 at 8:53 pm

    NOW IS THE TIME FOR AUSTRIA TO ACT ON THE RESTITUTION OF MONTEZUMA’S CROWN TO MEXICO

    Penacho de Moctezuma, the Quetzal-feather crown of Montezuma, the last Aztec Emperor, in the Völkerkundemuseum, Vienna. Austria.

    According to information in the Austrian papers Standard, Kurier, and Kronen Zeitung, Austria seems finally willing to return the Montezuma Crown which Mexico has been claiming for decades without any success. (1) It appears the return will be a temporary loan in exchange for a temporary loan of a gilded carriage used by Emperor Maximilian I in the nineteenth century that is now in the National Museum of Mexico.

    We have always been of the view that Austria should return this artefact which means very little to Austria (2) and a lot more to Mexico, the only State that protested against the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany. This act alone, in our opinion, should be sufficient ground for returning Montezuma’s crown. But the Austrian authorities, misled by the ideas of the ethnologists, museum directors and the false prophets in the British Museum, Berlin, Chicago and elsewhere, have up to now refused to contemplate the eventuality of returning the crown. (3)

    Following the usual tactics of the so-called “universal museums”, British Museum and the Berlin Museums, Austrians have also resorted to the well-known argumentation structure of “shifting arguments”. This is the pattern followed by the British in the cases of the Benin bronzes, the Parthenon/Elgin Marbles and the Rosetta stone. The Germans also use this method in the case of the bust of Nefertiti. The opponent is in such cases presented with a whole series of arguments, some serious, others less so, that have the cumulative effect that in the end no one is sure of the real ground for the refusal to loan/return the cultural object except the determination of the present holder not to return the object to its country of origin as required by resolutions of the United Nations, UNESCO and the International Council of Museums (ICOM) Code of Ethics for museums.

    Austrians have argued that the Montezuma’s Crown was legally acquired in the 16th century Europe by the Habsburg archduke Ferdinand II of Austria. What they do not further consider is how the object came to Europe. The Mexicans are of the view that the crown was among the many objects the Spaniards stole from Mexico. Prof. Feest, former Director of the Ethnology Museum, Vienna, has argued that the feather crown may not be able to travel to Mexico, that the crown was never really part of the power symbols of the Mexico rulers but part of the symbols used in ritual ceremonies by priests. The Austrians seem to have learnt from the experience of the British and Germans whereby untrue, unsubstantiated or weak arguments are repeated so often that others, at least their own people, start considering them as solid arguments.

    Reports seem to indicate that there has been a qualitative change in the
    thinking of the Austrian leadership on this matter which had divided ruling circles in the past. Leading elements in the Social Democratic party had been in favour of return/loan but the Foreign Ministry warned that Mexico might, on loan, declare the crown a “national cultural property and thus hinder its return“ to Austria. Late President Thomas Klestil had been in favour of the return of the crown. Dr.Wolfgang Zinggl, from the Green Party had also been in favour of return in the form of a gift to Mexico.

    The remarkable change in Austria’s position in this matter is to be welcomed by all. It is perhaps no accident that this change occurred after change of leadership in the Kunsthistorisches Museum and at the Völkerkunde Museum. We seem to have now a museum leadership more attuned to the ideas of our times which favour, in general, restitution and, contrary to the old guard, is not imbued with the ideology that the Western world has a duty and right to guard cultural property of others. The new leadership does not appear to share the pretentions of some Western museum directors who seek to impose on others a presumptuous universalism that authorizes the domination of the West over Latin America, Africa and Asia. We sense from the new museum leadership a desire to get on well with other peoples through mutually agreed arrangements, thus departing from the old guard that sought to impose its will on others.

    But despite the general change, there seems to be a resonance of the past in the reported statement of the director of the Kunsthistorisches Museum that there has been no “official demand “ from Mexico. It has been demonstrated elsewhere that States that have their cultural artefacts in other States are not required to make an official request before the artefacts can be returned. The holding State could and indeed should initiate the process. (4) For in many cases only the holder knows where the object is and its present condition.

    If there has been no demand from Mexico for the Montezuma’s Crown, why were the late President Klestil and many other persons so involved over the last decades with this issue? Why did the issue find its way to the agenda of the Austrian parliament? Why have the former museum directors been at pains to explain that they would not return the artefact? The argument based on the absence of demand, formal or otherwise, is a relict from the old guard at the museums, an inheritance from the British Museum and the Berlin Museums.
    This is a strategy to deny, in the face of demands by others, that they have made any requests. It is like the Germans denying that Egyptians have asked for the return of Nefertiti. It is the British denying that Egypt has asked for the return of the Rosetta stone. It is also the denial by the British that Benin (Nigeria) has asked for the return of the Benin bronzes, especially, the hip mask of Queen-Mother Idia. Hopefully, the new museum leadership will quietly abandon this line of argument.

    We hope that this gesture by Austria to return the feather crown, if it materializes, would be the beginning of a new policy to return artefacts to their countries of origin as has been demanded by the United Nations, UNESCO and several international conferences as well as by the ICOM Code of Ethics
    In this context, we will expect the Austrian authorities to re-examine the issue of the return of the looted Benin bronzes of which there are some 167 in the Völkerkunde Museum, Vienna. Previous directors of this museum, under the influence of the British who were primarily responsible for the initial looting of Benin artefacts after the killing of innocent Benin women and children as well as the burning of Benin City, have refused to consider the question of restitution. Members of the Benin Royal Family have come to Vienna to open a great exhibition on Benin art and have requested the return of some of these objects without any success.(5)

    Now is the time for Austrians to act in their own sovereign right to change their position regarding an artefact which means a lot to the people of Mexico as evidence of their pre-Columbian civilization but is of little importance for Austrian culture. The vision of the dominating European males, the conquistadores, as masters of the world, has been long abandoned and the principles and practices of artefacts collection must also change accordingly. Ideas of the 19th century cannot continue to dominate museum practices of the 21st century.

    Kwame Opoku, 27 January, 2011.

    NOTES

    1. Der Standard, Montag, 17 Jänner, 2011, Kurier 17 Jänner, 2011, Kronen Zeitung, Sonntag 16 Jänner, 2011, See also, Earth Times,
    http://www.earthtimes.org

    2. The Völkerkundemuseum, Vienna has since 2004 closed its permanent collections to the public because of renovations, which, I understand, will not be completed before 2013. Members of the public who wish to see Montezuma’s Crown or the Benin bronzes will not be able to do so unless the objects are on show in a special exhibition. It is relevant to note that one of the main arguments used to support the retention of cultural objects of others by the Western museums is that more people see these objects in the museums than in their country of origin. But can this argument apply at all when the collection is closed for a decade?

    3. Useful information on the dispute between Mexico and Austria about Montezuma’s Feather Crown which has been going on for decades can be found in:
    Ferdinand Anders, The Treasures of Montezuma, Fantasy and Reality, 2001, Museum für Völkerkunde, Vienna;
    Anne Dellemann, “Keine bilateralen Probleme – abgesehen von Montezumas Federkrone” http://www.nofretete-geht-auf-reisen.de/penacho.htm
    English version, Anne Dellemann “No bilateral problems – except for Montezuma’s crown of feathers”
    http://www.culture-and-development.info/issues/penacho.htm
    Reportaje en Vienna, Austria -Penacho de Moctezuma http://www.youtubeWien Stephansplatz — Montezuma’s Feathered Crown http://www.flickr.com/photos/dugspr/sets/72157602585580972/
    Thomas Black, “Montezuma’s Headdress, in Europe for 500 Years, May Return Home” http://www.bloomberg.com

    4. K. Opoku. “Is the Absence of a Formal Demand for Restitution a Ground for Non-Restitution?” http://www.museum-security.org

    Montezuma’s Crown on agenda of Austrian Parliament, http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXII/A/A_00608/index.shtml

    5. K. Opoku, “Opening of the Benin Exhibition “Benin-Kings and Rituals, Court Arts from Nigeria”, http://www.culture-and-development.info

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